Order Formation

Communication spaces do not emerge on their own. They are shaped—by law, technology, social practices, economic interests, and institutional decisions. The “Order Formation” research group examines how rules emerge in such communication spaces, who is involved in shaping them, and how responsibility, power, and legitimacy are distributed.

The starting point is the observation that communication today takes place within complex ecosystems. Platforms set rules for content and behavior. Governments establish legal frameworks. Users develop their own practices. Companies design technical infrastructures. Civil society, academia, and the media play a role in monitoring, critiquing, and shaping these spaces.

The research group asks how order emerges from this interplay—and how this order can be aligned with democratic values, fundamental rights, and the common good.

In doing so, it combines three perspectives.

  • First, it focuses on structures: What legal, technical, and social frameworks shape communication spaces?
  • Second, it focuses on processes: How do rules emerge, how are they enforced, and how do they change?
  • Third, it concerns actors: Who makes decisions, who is affected, who bears responsibility, and who holds power?

These questions are examined at the national, European, and global levels. A key focus is on European platform regulation, particularly the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act.

Photo by Sasun Bughdaryan/Unsplash

Overview

Leaders

Last update: 24.09.2026

Blog Articles, News, Projects, Publications, Podcast Episodes

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Article in Zeitschrift der Initiative Minderheiten

Courts as Drivers of Social Progress between Škocjan and Topeka

Matthias C. Kettemann uses international court decisions to demonstrate how courts can drive social change and act as agents of minority protection.

Cover der Publikation "Fritz Bauer und das Radio" von Hans-Ulrich Wagner
Online Article

Fritz Bauer and the Radio

Dr. Hans Ulrich Wagner  examines how Fritz Bauer used radio to communicate legal reform, democratic values, and the confrontation with the Nazi past to a broad public.

Cover des Berichts "Künstliche Intelligenz, Intermediäre und Öffentlichkeit. Bericht an das BAKOM"
Recently published

Artificial Intelligence, Intermediaries, and the Public. Report to OFCOM

The report, authored by Stephan Dreyer and Wolfgang Schulz for the Swiss Federal Office of Communications (OFKOM), examines the influence of AI and information intermediaries on the formation of public opinion.

Portrait Matthias C. Kettemann
Blog Article

A Proposal for More Structured Normativity on the Internet

Matthias C. Kettemann argues for a more structured normative order of the Internet, highlighting how legal, technical, and social rules can jointly contribute to responsible Internet governance.

Vorschu der Publikation "Internationale Regeln für Soziale Medien: Menschenrechte wahren und Desinformation bekämpfen. Global Governance" Spotlight 2|2019
Available as Download

Safeguarding Human Rights and Fighting Disinformation

In the Global Governance Spotlight 2/2019, Matthias C. Kettemann examines the successes and deficits of previous norm-building processes and regulatory efforts in the field of social media, particularly at regional and global level.

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Open Access

How Do Intermediaries Shape News-Related Media Repertoires and Practices?

Based on focus groups and interviews, this study examines the role of online intermediaries such as search engines, social networking sites and video platforms in the political information repertoires of German users.

Portrait Matthias C. Kettemann
Review

Review of Caldarola/Schrey (2019), Big Data and the Law: An Introduction for Practitioners

Matthias C. Kettemann reviews Caldarola and Schrey’s introduction to the legal challenges of big data, highlighting how the book addresses key issues of data processing, data protection, and digital innovation.

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Article in Handbook

Blogs

Jan-Hinrik Schmidt provides an overview of blogs as an object of empirical social research and outlines methodological approaches for studying them.

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Article in Journal of Media Education

Public Childhood in Parent Blogs? Findings of a Survey of German-Speaking Parent Bloggers

Jan-Hinrik Schmidt and Kali Richter examine how parent blogs affect children's privacy and informational self-determination, highlighting the challenges they pose for protecting children's rights online.

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Available Online

Explaining Online News Engagement Based on Browsing Behavior: Creatures of Habit?

This study examines the extent to which traditional predictors of news consumption—such as age, gender, political interest, and trust in the media—influence preferences for three different ways of accessing news online.

Stephan Dreyer
Recently published

It’s Complicated: Protecting Minors from Harmful Media Content in Germany

His objective has the protection of minors from harmful media clearly in sight: to enable children and young people to grow up safely with media. Risks and dangers in media relations should be kept away from them. But creating laws for it is anything but easy. Who regulates what in the protection of minors from harmful media in Germany? Stephan Dreyer gives an overview.

Portrait Matthias C. Kettemann
Review

Review of Bechtold/Bosch, GWB: Act Against Restraints of Competition

Matthias C. Kettemann reviews Bechtold and Bosch’s commentary on the German Act Against Restraints of Competition, highlighting its relevance for legal debates on competition, regulation, and digital markets.

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