Order Formation

Communication spaces do not emerge on their own. They are shaped—by law, technology, social practices, economic interests, and institutional decisions. The “Order Formation” research group examines how rules emerge in such communication spaces, who is involved in shaping them, and how responsibility, power, and legitimacy are distributed.

The starting point is the observation that communication today takes place within complex ecosystems. Platforms set rules for content and behavior. Governments establish legal frameworks. Users develop their own practices. Companies design technical infrastructures. Civil society, academia, and the media play a role in monitoring, critiquing, and shaping these spaces.

The research group asks how order emerges from this interplay—and how this order can be aligned with democratic values, fundamental rights, and the common good.

In doing so, it combines three perspectives.

  • First, it focuses on structures: What legal, technical, and social frameworks shape communication spaces?
  • Second, it focuses on processes: How do rules emerge, how are they enforced, and how do they change?
  • Third, it concerns actors: Who makes decisions, who is affected, who bears responsibility, and who holds power?

These questions are examined at the national, European, and global levels. A key focus is on European platform regulation, particularly the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act.

Photo by Sasun Bughdaryan/Unsplash

Overview

Leaders

Last update: 24.09.2026

Blog Articles, News, Projects, Publications, Podcast Episodes

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Intermediaries and Social Cohesion

The Participation Paradox. Structural Change of the Public in Times of Digital Intermediaries

In the latest issue of the journal Tendenz, Jan-Hinrik Schmidt asks whether social cohesion is under threat and how the public has changed in the age of digital intermediaries.

Written Statement on the Draft of a Second Act Amending the Youth Protection Act

On 11 February 2020, the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ) submitted a draft of a second law amending the Youth Protection Act (JuSchG). Stephan Dreyer and Wolfgang Schulz the current hearing of associations as an opportunity to comment on the draft.

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Safer Internet Day 2020

Digital Participation of Children and Young People

Uwe Hasebrink, Claudia Lampert, and Kira Thiel examined the extent to which children and adolescents recognize and take advantage of opportunities for strategic networking and social participation on the Internet. The special analysis, conducted as part of the EU Kids Online project, was published on Safer Internet Day, February 11, 2020.

Cover: GDHR Net Working Paper, #1/2020
COVID-19 and Misinformation

How States and Platforms Deal with Covid-19-related Disinformation

This working paper examines how COVID-19-related misinformation is handled on online platforms in 20 different countries. It was published by Matthias C. Kettemann and Martin Fertmann as part of the Global Digital Human Rights Network Paper Series and is available free of charge as open access.

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Research for Facebook for the First Time

Setting Rules for 2.7 Billion

For the first time, Facebook has given scientists direct access to internal decision-making bodies. PD Dr. Matthias C. Kettemann and Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulz from HBI have investigated how Facebook develops communication rules for its platform. The results of this pilot study have now been published.

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Book Chapter

Modelling and Verification in GDPR’s Data Protection Impact Assessment

Using a case study on the AccuWeather/Reveal Mobile case, Wolfgang Schulz and Florian Wittner, together with Kai Bavendiek and Sibylle Schupp, assess the consequences of the basic data protection regulation.

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Interviewing Capital City Journalists

Twitter in Political Journalism

Together with Christian Nuernbergk, Jan-Hinrik Schmidt analyses the importance of Twitter in the work of political journalists in an article in the journal Publizistik.

Junge mit Maske sitzt vor einem Bildschirm.
Digital Media Use in Corona Times

Kids Digital Lives in Covid-19 Times

What impact is the COVID-19 crisis having on families and children and how they use digital media? The HBI took part in a European comparative study conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Center (JRC), carrying out a sub-survey in Germany.

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Intermediaries and Democracy

The Cooperative Thrust Is Promising

In "Wer regiert das Internet? [Who rules the internet?]" PD Dr. Matthias C. Kettemann answers three questions on the topics of information intermediaries as well as whether disinformation and hate speech are a danger to democracy.

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Article on Anthology

Freedom of Expression Online

In their contribution to the volume Human Rights, Digital Society and the Law, Matthias Kettemann and Wolfgang Benedek show that freedom of expression is a central right of the information society and that states and companies have certain obligations to protect it.

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Literature and Broadcasting

Writers and Radio: How Literary Authors Have Made Use of the Medium over a Century

In his article in the Journal for Media History, Hans-Ulrich Wagner writes about the interaction between literary authors and the medium radio.

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Article in Anthology

Hate Speech and Cat Pictures

Dr. Matthias C. Kettemann and Katharina Mosene describe in their contribution to the anthology "Hass im Netz - Grenzen digitaler Freiheit [Hate Online – Limits of Digital Freedom]" how effective the governance of freedom of expression on the Internet is in the fight against hate speech.

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